Pronouns

Pronouns (1) - Subject Pronoun and Object Pronoun

ဒီေန႔ personal pronoun အေၾကာင္း အနည္းငယ္ေျပာမယ္။

Noun အစား သံုးတဲ့စကားလံုးကုိ pronoun လုိ႔ေခၚတာပါ။ Subject pronoun နဲ႔ object pronoun တုိ႔ကုိ ဒီေန႔ သံုးျပသြားမယ္ေလ။

Subject Object

I me

you you

he him

she her

it it

we us

you you

they them

က်ား ဆုိရင္ he/him ေပါ့။ မဆုိရင္ she/ her ေပါ့။ က်ား၊ မ မေသခ်ာဘူးဆိုရင္ေတာ့ they/ them ေပါ့။

This is Jack. He is my brother. I don't think you have met him.

This is Angela. She is my sister. Have you met her before?

Talk to a friend. Ask them to help you.

You could go to a doctor. They might help you.

Subject Pronoun

Verb ရဲ႕ subject အျဖစ္နဲ႔သံုးပါတယ္။

I like your dress.

You are late.

He is my friend.

It is raining.

She is on holiday.

We live in England.

They come from London.

မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ English မွာ အၿမဲတမ္း subject တစ္ခုခု ပါေလ့ရွိတယ္။

His father has just retired. Was a teacher> He was a teacher.

I'm waiting for my wife. Is late> She is late.

Subject မပါဘူးဆိုရင္ it/ there ထည့္ေပးတယ္။ အဲဒါကုိ dummy subject လုိ႔ေခၚတယ္။

Object Pronoun

Object pronoun ကုိ

(၁) verb ရဲ႕ object အျဖစ္သံုးတယ္။

Can you help me please?

I can see you.

She doesn't like him.

I saw her in town today.

We saw them in town yesterday, but they didn't see us.

(၂) proposition ရဲ႕ေနာက္မွာသံုးတယ္။

She is waiting for me.

I'll get it for you.

Give it to him.

Why are you looking at her?

Don't take it from us.

I'll speak to them.

Pronouns (2)- it/there

အဂၤလိပ္၀ါက်ေတြမွာ imperative ကလြဲရင္ အၿမဲတမ္း subject ပါရတယ္။

His father has just retired. Was a teacher> He was a teacher.

I'm waiting for my wife. Was late> She was late.

Look at the time! Is half past two> It's half past two.

Imperative (subject မပါ)

Go away!

Play it again, please.

မည္သည့္ subject မွမပါဘူးဆုိရင္ there/ it ထည့္ေပးရတယ္။

There

Dummy subject အျဖစ္နဲ႔ there ကို ထည့္အသံုးျပဳပါတယ္။ သံုးတဲ့အခါမွာ

(၁) new topic ကုိ ေျပာျပခ်င္လုိ႔ သံုးတယ္။

There is a meeting this evening. It will start at eleven.

There has been an accident. I hope no one is hurt.

(၂) number/ quantities ေတြေဖာ္ျပရာမွာသံုးတယ္။

There was a lot of rain last night.

There must have been more than five hundred in the audience.

(၃) တစ္စံုတစ္ခု တည္ရွိတာကုိ ေဖာ္ျပရာမွာ သံုးတယ္။

There used to be a playground at the end of the street.

There are fairies at the bottom of the garden.

I wonder if there will be anyone at home.

(၄) indefinite pronoun/ expressions of quantity ႏွင့္ to- infinite တြဲ၍ သံုးတယ္။

There is nothing to do in the village.

There was plenty to read in the apartment.

There was nothing to watch on television.

There is a lot of work to do.

ဒီေနရာမွာ to- infinite ရဲ႕ subject ကုိ ျပခ်င္ရင္ေတာ့ for ထည့္သံုးရတယ္။

There is nothing for the children to do in the village.

There was plenty for us to read in the apartment.

There was nothing for them to watch on television.

There is a lot of work for you to do.

(၅) indefinite pronoun/ expressions of quantity ႏွင့္ -ing verb တြဲ၍သံုးတယ္။

There is someone waiting to see you.

There were a lot of people shouting and waving.

မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ noun phrase က singular ဆိုရင္ singular verb သံုး၊ noun phrase က plural ဆုိရင္ plural verb သံုး။

There is a meeting this evening. It will start at eleven.

There was a lot of rain last night.

There is someone waiting to see you.

There are more than twenty people waiting to see you.

There were some biscuits in the cupboard.

There were a lot of people shouting and waving.

It

It ကုိ

(၁) time and date ေျပာခ်င္ရင္ သံုးတယ္။

It's nearly one o'clock.

It's my birthday.

(၂) weather ေျပာရာမွာသံုး

It's raining.

It's a lovely day.

It was getting cold.

(၃) ေနရာနဲ႔ပတ္သက္လုိ ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္ေတြ (opinion) ေပးရာမွာသံုး

It's very cold in here.

It will be nice when we get home.

It's very comfortable in my new apartment.

(၄) to- infinite နဲ႔ ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္ေတြေပးရာမွာသံုး

It's nice to meet you.

It will be great to go on holiday.

It was interesting to meet your brother at last.

(၅) -ing verb နဲ႔ ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္ေတြေပးရာမွာသံုး

It's great living in Spain.

It's awful driving in this heavy traffic.

It can be hard work looking after young children.

အခ်ိဳ႕ေနရာေတြမွာ လူေတြအေၾကာင္း it နဲ႔ သံုးေလ့ရွိ။

ကုိယ့္ကုိယ္ကုိ ေျပာရာတြင္ တယ္လီဖုန္းေျပာစဥ္

Hello. It's George.လို႔သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

ကုိယ့္ကုိ လူေတြက မျမင္ရတဲ့အခါမ်ိဳးမွာ

[Mary knocks on door]. It's me. It's Mary. လို႔ေျပာေလ့ရွိတယ္။

အျခားသူေတြကိုေျပာရာ၌ ပထမဦးဆံုး ၫႊန္ျပရာတြင္

Look. It's Sir Paul McCartney.

Who's that? I think it's John's brother. လို႔သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

မျမင္ရတဲ့အခ်ိန္ နာမည္ကုိ ေမးရာ၌ တယ္လီဖုန္းျမည္ေနစဥ္ ေကာက္ကုိင္လုိက္ၿပီး

Hello. Who is it? လို႔ ေမးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

တံခါးကုိ တစ္ေယာက္ေယာက္က လာေခါက္ရင္

Who is it? လို႔ ေမးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

Pronoun (3) - you/ they (non-specific people/ people in general)

You ကုိ ေျပာသူေရာ နားေထာင္သူအပါအ၀င္ လူေတြကို ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ ရည္ၫၽြန္းေျပာတဲ့အခါ သံုးတယ္။

You can buy this book anywhere> This book is on sale everywhere.

You can't park here> Parking is not allowed here.

They don't let you smoke in here> No smoking here.

They/ them တုိ႔ကုိ လူေတြ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ ရည္ၫႊန္းေျပာရာမွာသံုးပါတယ္။

They serve good food here.

Ask them for a cheaper ticket.

အထူးသျဖင့္ အစုိးရ အရာရွိေတြကို ရည္ၫႊန္းတဲ့အခါ သံုးတယ္။

They don't let you smoke in here.

They are going to increase taxes.

They are building a new motorway.

They say it's going to rain tomorrow.

Pronoun (4) Possessive Pronouns

ဒီေန႔ possessive pronoun ေတြ အသံုးျပဳပံုအေၾကာင္း ေျပာမယ္။

Subject	Object	Possessive Adj	Possessive Pronoun
I	Me	My	Mine
You	You	Your	Yours
He	Him	His	His
She	Her	Her	Hers
It	It	Its	Its
We	Us	Our	Ours
They	Them	Their	theirs

Possessive pronoun ေတြကို noun phrase ေတြအစား သံုးႏုိင္တယ္။

Is that John’s car? No, it’s [my car]./ No, it’s mine.

Whose coat is this? Is it [your coat]?/ Is it yours?

Her coat is grey, [my coat] is brown./ Her coat is grey, mine is brown.

‘of’ ေနာက္ကလဲ သံုးႏုိင္တယ္။

Susan is a friend of mine. or Susan is one of my friend. But don’t say “Susan is a friend of me.”

I am one of Susan’s friends. or I’m a friend of Susan’s. But don’t say “I’m a friend of Susan.”

Pronoun (5) – This, that, these, those

ဒီေန႔ this, that, these, those ဆုိတဲ့ pronoun ေတြအေၾကာင္း ေျပာမယ္။

This/ these

This (singular)/ these (plural) ကုိ pronoun အျဖစ္နဲ႔ သံုးပါတယ္။

(၁) အနီးမွာရွိတဲ့ လူေတြ၊ အရာ၀တၳဳေတြအေၾကာင္းေျပာတဲ့အခါမွာသံုးတယ္။

This is a nice cup of tea.

Whose shoes are these?

(၂) လူေတြကုိ မိတ္ဆက္ေပးရာမွာ သံုးတယ္။

This is Janet.

These are my friends, John and Michael.

Note: we don’t say- These are John and Michael.

We say- This is John and this is Michael.

(၃) ဖုန္းေျပာစဥ္ ကုိယ့္ကုိယ္ကုိ စတင္မိတ္ဆက္ရာမွာသံုးတယ္။

Hello, this is David. Can I speak to Sally?

That/ those

That (singular)/ those (plural) ဆုိတဲ့ pronoun ေတြကုိ

(၁) အေ၀းမွာရွိတဲ့ လူေတြ အရာ၀တၳဳေတြအေၾကာင္း ေျပာတဲ့အခါ သံုးတယ္။

What’s that?

This is our house, and that’s Rebecca’s house over there.

Those are very expensive shoes.

(၂) တစ္ေယာက္ေယာက္ ေျပာခဲ့၊ လုပ္ခဲ့ၿပီးေသာအရာကုိ ျပန္ၫႊန္းတဲ့အခါ သံုးတယ္။

Shall we go to the cinema? Yes, that’s a good idea.

I’ve got a new job. That’s great.

I’m very tired. Why is that?

This/ that/ these/ those with nouns

နီးစပ္ေသခ်ာမႈ (proximity) ကိုျပခ်င္လို႔ this/ that/ these/ those with nouns ကုိ သံုးတယ္။

(၁) this/ these တို႔ကုိ အနီးမွာရွိတဲ့ လူေတြ အရာ၀တၳဳေတြကို ေျပာဖို႔သံုးတယ္။

We have lived in this house for twenty years.

Have you read all of these books?

(၂) that/ those တို႔ကို အေ၀းမွာရွိတဲ့ လူေတြ အရာ၀တၳဳေတြကို ေျပာဖို႔သံုးတယ္။

Who lives in that house?

Who are those people?

Pronoun (6) – One/ ones

One (singular)/ ones (plural) တုိ႔ကုိ pronoun အျဖစ္နဲ႔ သံုးတယ္။

(၁) မလုိအပ္ဘဲ ထပ္ျပန္တလဲလဲ သံုးေနရတာကုိ ေရွာင္ဖုိ႔ သံုးပါတယ္။

See those two girls. Helen is the tall one and Jane is the short one.

Which is your car, the red one or the blue one?

I have two children. The younger one is four and the older one is six.

My trousers are torn. I need some new ones.

Let’s look at the photographs. The ones you took in Paris.

(၂) ေမးခြန္းေတြမွာ which ေနာက္ကလဲ သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

You can borrow a book. Which one do you want?

There are lots of books here. Which ones are yours?

Pronoun (7)- Questions

(၁) လူေတြကုိ ေမးဖုိ႔ who ကိုသံုးတယ္။

Who is that?

Who lives there?

Who did you see?

(၂) ပုိင္ဆုိင္မႈကုိ ေမးဖုိ႔ whose ကုိသံုးတယ္။

Whose coat is this? Or Whose is this coat?

Whose book is that? Or Whose is that book?

Whose bags are those? Or Whose are those bags?

(၃) အရာ၀တၳဳေတြနဲ႔ ပတ္သက္လုိ႔ေမးခ်င္ရင္ what ကုိသံုးတယ္။

What is that?

What do you want?

(၄) တစ္စံုတစ္ရာ ေရြးခ်ယ္ဖုိ႔ which ကိုသံုးတယ္။

Which came first, the chicken or the egg?

I’ve got two books. Which do you want?

(၅) what/ which ကို noun ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲၿပီးသံုးႏုိင္တယ္။

What subjects did you study at school?

What newspaper do you read?

Which newspaper do you read – the Times or the Guardian?

Which book do you want?

Which one is yours?

(၆) ၀ါက်ရဲ႕အဆံုးမွာ preposition ေလးေတြထည့္ၿပီး who/ which/ what တို႔နဲ႔ ေမးေလ့ရွိတယ္။ (ထည့္ခ်င္တုိင္းထည့္လုိ႔ေတာ့မရဘူး၊ preposition နဲ႔တြဲတဲ့ verb ေတြမွ ထည့္သံုးႏုိင္တယ္။)

Who does this book belong to?

What are you looking for?

Which university did you go to?

What country do you come from?

Pronoun (8) – Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronoun - ေတြက

Singular- myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself

Plural- ourselves, yourselves, themselves ေတြပါပဲ။

(၁) Reflexive pronoun ေတြကုိ verb တစ္ခုရဲ႕ subject နဲ႔ object အတူတူျဖစ္ေနရင္ direct object အျဖစ္နဲ႔ သံုးတယ္။

I’m teaching myself to play the piano.

Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.

Transitive verb အမ်ားစုမွာ direct object အျဖစ္နဲ႔ အသံုးျပဳတယ္။ အေတြ႕မ်ားတဲ့ transitive verb ေတြကေတာ့

Amuse, blame, cut, dry, enjoy, help, hurt, introduce, kill, prepare, satisfy, teach, etc.

(၂) အခ်ိဳ႕ verb ေတြက reflexive pronoun ေတြကို direct object အျဖစ္ သံုးလုိက္ရင္ အဓိပၸါယ္ အနည္းငယ္ေျပာင္လဲသြားတယ္။

Would you like to help yourself to another drink? (Would you like to take another drink?)

I wish the children would behave themselves. (I wish the children would behave well.)

He found himself lying by the side of the road. (He was surprised when he realized that he was at the side of the road.)

I saw myself as a famous actor. (I imagined that I was a famous actor.)

She applied herself to the job of mending the lights. (She worked very hard to mend the lights.)

He busied himself in the kitchen. (He worked busily in the kitchen.)

I had to content myself with a few Euros. (I had to be satisfied with a few Euros.)

(၃) ကုိယ့္အတြက္ ပံုမွန္လုပ္ေနက် အရာေတြကို ေဖာ္ျပတဲ့ verb ေတြရဲ႕ေနာက္မွာ reflexive pronoun ကုိ မသံုးဘူး။ wash, shave, dress စသည္ေပါ့။

He washed [himself] in clod water.

He always shaved [himself] before going out in the evening.

Michael dressed [himself] and got ready for the party.

အေလးအနက္ေျပာခ်င္တဲ့အခါမွာေတာ့ ဒီလုိမ်ိဳး verb ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲသံုးေလ့ရွိျပန္တယ္။

He dressed himself in spite of his injuries.

She’s old enough to wash herself.

(၄) verb တစ္ခုရဲ႕ subject နဲ႔ indirect object ဟာ အတူတူျဖစ္ေနမယ္ဆုိရင္ reflexive pronoun ကို indirect object အျဖစ္နဲ႔ သံုးတယ္။

Would you like to pour yourself a drink?

We’ve brought ourselves something to eat.

(၅) object က ၀ါက်ရဲ႕ subject ကုိ ျပန္လည္ရည္ၫႊန္းေနတဲ့အခါမ်ိဳးမွာ preposition ေနာင္ object အျဖစ္နဲ႔ သံုးတယ္။

They had to cook for themselves.

He was feeling very sorry for himself.

ဒါေပမယ့္ ေနရာကို ျပတဲ့ preposition ေတြေနာင္မွာေတာ့ personal pronoun ေတြကုိပဲ သံုးရတယ္။

He had a suitcase beside him.

With သည္ accompanied by အဓိပၸါယ္အေနနဲ႔ အသံုးျပဳတဲ့အခါမွာလဲပဲ personal pronoun ကုိပဲသံုးတယ္။

She had a few friends with her.

(၆) reflexive pronoun ကို preposition – by နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။ သံုးတဲ့အခါမွာ-

- တစ္ေယာက္တည္းလုပ္တယ္၊ မည္သူ႔အကူအညီမွ မပါဘူးဆုိတာေျပာခ်င္ရင္သံုးတယ္။

He lived by himself in an enormous house.

She worked alone by herself.

The children got dressed by themselves.

I prepared the whole meal by myself.

- ရည္ၫႊန္းေျပာဆုိတဲ့ ပုဂၢိဳလ္၊ အရာကုိ အေလးအနက္ထားတဲ့အခါ သံုးတယ္။

Kendal itself is quite a small town.

Sir Paul McCartney himself sang the final song.

(၇) အေလးအနက္ထားေျပာခ်င္တဲ့အခါ reflexive pronoun ကို ၀ါက်ရဲ႕အဆံုးမွာ ထားေလ့ရွိတတ္တယ္။

I baked the bread myself.

She mended the car herself.

Pronoun (9) – each other/ one another (reciprocal pronoun)

Each other/ one another တုိ႔ကုိ reciprocal pronoun လို႔ေခၚပါတယ္။ ႏွစ္ေယာက္၊ ႏွစ္ေယာက္ထက္ပုိတဲ့သူေတြက လုပ္ပံု ကုိင္ပံုတူညီေနတဲ့အခါမွာသံုးတယ္။ (when two or more people do the same thing). ထံုးစံအရေတာ့ Each other က ႏွစ္ေယာက္ကုိ ရည္ၫႊန္းၿပီး one another က ႏွစ္ေယာက္ထက္ပိုတဲ့သူေတြကို ရည္ၫႊန္းတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ ဒီလိုခြဲျခားမႈက အခုေခတ္ (modern English) မွာေတာ့ မရွိသေလာက္ျဖစ္သြားပါၿပီ။

Peter and Mary helped one another. (Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter.)

We sent each other Christmas cards. (We sent them a Christmas card and they sent us a Christmas card.)

They didn’t look at one another. (He didn’t look at her and she didn’t look at him.)

Each other/ one another တုိ႔ကို possessive form အေနျဖင့္လဲသံုးတယ္။

They helped to look after each other’s children.

We often stayed in one another’s houses.

Reciprocal pronoun ေတြကုိ subject အေနနဲ႔ေတာ့ မသံုးဘူးဆုိတာလဲ မွတ္ထားလုိက္ဦး။

Pronoun (10) – indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronoun ေတြကေတာ့ ေအာက္ပါဇယားအတုိင္းသာၾကည့္ထား။

Somebody	Someone	Something
Anybody	Anyone	Anything
Nobody	No one	Nothing
Everybody	Everyone	Everything

ဘယ္သူျဖစ္တယ္၊ ဘာျဖစ္တယ္ဆုိတာ အတိအက်မေျပာဘဲ လူေတြ/အရာ၀တၳဳေတြကို ရည္ၫႊန္းတဲ့အခါ indefinite pronoun ေတြကို သံုးတယ္။ လူေတြအတြက္ -body, -one, ဆံုးတဲ့ pronoun ေတြနဲ႔သံုးၿပီး အရာ၀တၳဳေတြအတြက္ -thing ဆံုးတဲ့ pronoun ေတြနဲ႔ သံုးတယ္။

Everybody enjoyed the concert.

I opened the door but there was no one at home.

It was a very clear day. We could see everything.

Indefinite pronoun ေတြေနာက္က singular verb လုိက္တယ္။

Everybody loves Sally.

Everything was ready for the party.

Indefinite pronoun ေတြကို ျပန္ၫႊန္းတဲ့ (refer back) အခါမွာေတာ့ plural pronoun နဲ႔ သံုးရတယ္။

Everybody enjoyed the concert. They stood up and clapped.

I will tell somebody that dinner is ready. They have been waiting a long time.

Possessive form အေနနဲ႔ ‘s ထည့္ၿပီးသံုးႏုိင္တယ္။

They were staying in somebody’s house.

Is this anybody’s coat?

Negative ၀ါက်ေတြမွာ subject အျဖစ္ -no ပါတဲ့ indefinite pronoun ေတြကုိသံုးတယ္။ -any ပါတဲ့ indefinite pronoun ေတြကုိ မသံုးဘူး။

Anybody didn’t come. Nobody came.

Anything didn’t happen. Nothing happened.

Negative အေနနဲ႔ verb ရဲ႕ေနာက္ကထားသံုးတာေလးေတြလဲ ရွိတယ္။

I saw no one in the room.

I found nothing in the box.

Indefinite pronoun ေတြေနာက္က else ဆုိတာေပါင္းထည့္ၿပီး အျခား ဆုိတဲ့ အဓိပၸါယ္နဲ႔ သံုးတယ္။

All the family came, but no one else.

If Michael can’t come, we will ask somebody else.

So that’s eggs, peas and chips. Do you want anything else?

Pronoun (11) – relative pronouns

Relative pronoun ေတြကေတာ့ ဇယားထဲကအတုိင္းပဲ။

Subject	Object	Possessive
Who	Who(m)	Whose
That	That

လူေတြအတြက္ who, whom ကုိသံုးၿပီး အရာ၀တၳဳေတြအတြက္ which ကိုသံုးတယ္။ That ကုိေတာ့ လူ၊ အရာ၀တၳဳ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးလံုးအတြက္သံုးတယ္။

ဘယ္သူ၊ ဘယ္ဟာ ျဖစ္တယ္ဆုိတာ ရွင္းလင္းေစရန္အတြက္ relative pronoun ေတြကို noun ေနာက္က ထားၿပီးသံုးတယ္။

The house that Jack built

The woman who discovered radium

An eight-year old boy who attempted to rob a sweet shop

Relative pronoun ေတြက ပုဂၢိဳလ္၊ အရာ၀တၳဳေတြအေၾကာင္း ထပ္မံရွင္းလင္းျပတယ္။

My mother, who was born overseas, has always been a great traveler.

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

We had fish and chips, which is my favorite meal.

That ကုိေတာ့ relative clause ေတြမွာ ဒီလုိမ်ိဳး subject အဆက္အေနနဲ႔ မသံုးဘူး။

Who ရဲ႕ possessive form အေနနဲ႔ whose ကိုသံုးတယ္။

This is George, whose brother went to school with me.

တစ္ခါတစ္ရံတြင္ whom ကုိ verb သို႔မဟုတ္ preposition ရဲ႕ object အျဖစ္နဲ႔သံုးတယ္။

This is George, whom you met at our house last year.

This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school.

သို႔ေသာ္ အခုေခတ္အဂၤလိပ္မွာေတာ့ who ကိုပဲ ပံုမွန္သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

This is George, who you met at our house last year.

This is George’s brother, who I went to school with.

Whom, which တို႔မွာ preposition ပါမယ္ဆုိရင္ေတာ့ preposition ကုိ clause ရဲ႕ေရွ႕မွာ ထားေလ့ရွိတယ္။

I had an uncle in Germany, from who[m] I inherited a bit of money.

We bought a chainsaw, with which we cut up all the wood.

ဒါမွမဟုတ္ရင္ clause ရဲ႕ေနာက္ဆံုးမွာ ထားေလ့ရွိတယ္။

I had an uncle in Germany who[m] I inherited a bit of money from.

We bought a chainsaw which we cut all the wood with.

That ကိုေတာ့ clause ရဲ႕ အစမွာ ထားသံုးတယ္။

I had an uncle in Germany, that I inherited a bit of money from.

We bought a chainsaw, that we cut all the wood with.