Determiners and Qualifiers

Determiners

Determiners ဆုိတာ noun phrase ေတြရဲ႕ အစမွာ သံုးတဲ့ စကားလံုးေတြပါပဲ။ Noun phrase ေတြဟာ specific (သီးသန္႔)လား၊ general (ေယဘုယ်)လား ဆိုတာျပပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ specific determiners နဲ႔ general determiners လို႔ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးခြဲမွတ္ထားရမယ္။

(၁) Specific Determiners

Specific determiners ေတြကေတာ့

၁။ definite article – the

၂။ possessives – my, you, his, her, its, our, their, whose

၃။ demonstratives – this, that, these, those

၄။ interrogatives – which တို႔ပါပဲ။

Specific determiner ကို ေျပာသူေရာ နားေထာင္သူပါ ဘာကိုရည္ၫႊန္းတယ္လို႔ အတိအက်သိတဲ့အခါမွာ သံုးပါတယ္။

Can you pass me the salt, please?

Look at those lovely flowers.

Thank you very much for your letter.

Whose coat is this?

(၂) General Determiners

General determiners ေတြကေတာ့ a, an, any, another, other, what တို႔ပါပဲ။

ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ေျပာဆုိတဲ့အခါ၊ နားေထာင္သူ မသိတဲ့အရာကုိေျပာဆုိတဲ့ အခါမ်ိဳးေတြမွာ-

(၁) uncountable noun/ plural noun ေတြကို determiner မပါဘဲသံုးပါတယ္။

Milk is very good for you. (uncount noun)

Health and education are very important. (2 uncount nouns)

Girls normally do better in school than boys. (plural nouns with no determiner)

(၂) singular noun ကုိ indefinite article a/ an တို႔နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးပါတယ္။

A woman was lifted to safety by a helicopter.

A man climbing nearby saw the accident.

လူ၊ အရာ၀တၳဳေတြ အားလံုးအေၾကာင္းကို ၿခံဳငံုေျပာတဲ့အခါ singular noun/ uncount noun ကို general determiner – any နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

It’s very easy. Any child can do it. (All children can do it.)

With a full licence you are allowed to drive any car.

I like beef, lamb, pork – any meat.

အျခားသူ၊ အျခားအရာကိုေျပာခ်င္ရင္ general determiner – another ကုိသံုးတယ္။

Would you like another glass of wine?

Note: another ရဲ႕ plural form ကေတာ့ other ျဖစ္တယ္။

I spoke to John, Helen and a few other friends.

(၃) Interrogative Determiners – which/what

လူ၊ အရာ၀တၳဳေတြထဲက သီးသန္႔ခြဲထုတ္ေမးခ်င္တဲ့အခါ which ကို determiner အျဖစ္သံုးတယ္။

Which restaurant did you go to?

Which countries in South America have you visited?

ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ ေမးခြန္းေတြေမးခ်င္တဲ့အခါ what ကို determiner အျဖစ္သံုးတယ္။

What times do you like?

What university did you go to?

(၄) Indefinite Articles – a/an

၁။ နားေထာင္သူ၊ စာဖတ္သူတို႔ အတိအက်မသိတဲ့အရာေတြကို ရည္ၫႊန္းေျပာဆိုတဲ့အခါ indefinite article – a/ an တုိ႔ကို count noun ေတြနဲ႔တြဲသံုးတယ္။

Police are searching for a 14-year old girl.

၂။ လူ၊ အရာ၀တၳဳဟာ အုပ္စုတစ္ခုထဲက တစ္ေယာက္၊ တစ္စံုတစရာျဖစ္တယ္ဆုိတာ ျပခ်င္ရင္လဲ သံုးတယ္။

She is a pupil at London Road School.

Police have been searching for a 14-year old girl who has been missing since Friday.

Jenny Brown, a pupil at London Road School, is described as 1.6 metres with short blond hair.

She was last seen wearing a blue jacket, a blue and whit blouse and dark blue jeans and blue shoes.

Anyone who has information should contact the local police on 0800349781.

၃။ indefinite article ေတြကို plural noun/ uncount noun ေတြနဲ႔မသံုးဘူး။

She was wearing blue shoes. (plural noun)

She has short blond hair. (uncount noun)

Police have been searching for a 14-year old girl who has been missing since Friday.

Jenny Brown, a pupil at London Road School, is described as 1.6 metres with short blond hair.

She was last seen wearing a blue jacket, a blue and whit blouse and dark blue jeans and blue shoes.

Anyone who has information should contact the local police on 0800349781.

၄။ ဘယ္သူဘာျဖစ္တယ္၊ သူတုိ႔ ဘာအလုပ္လုပ္တယ္ဆုိတာေျပာဖို႔လဲ a/an ကုိသံုးတယ္။

My brother is a doctor.

George is a student.

၅။ အားလံုးကုိ ၿခံဳေျပာလုိတဲ့အခါမွာလဲ singular noun နဲ႔ a/ an တြဲသံုးတယ္။

A man needs friends. (All men need friends.)

A dog likes to eat meat. (All dogs like to eat meat.)

(၅) Definite Article – the

Definite article – the ဟာ အေတြ႔အမ်ားဆံုးအဂၤလိပ္စာလံုးပါပဲ။ စာဖတ္သူ၊ နားေထာင္သူတို႔ အတိအက်သိႏုိင္တာကုိ ရည္ၫႊန္းတဲ့အခါ noun ရဲ႕ေရွ႕မွာထားသံုးတယ္။ တစ္ခုတည္းျဖစ္တဲ့အရာမ်ိဳးေတြေပါ့။

The Pope is visiting Russia.

The moon is very bright tonight.

The Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979.

ထို႔ေၾကာင့္ပင္ superlative adj ေတြနဲ႔ definite article – the ကုိ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

He is the tallest boy in the class.

It is the oldest building in the town.

ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ဒီေနရာ ဒီ၀န္းက်င္မွာ တစ္ခုတည္းသာ ရွိတဲ့အရာေတြကုိလဲ definite article – the ကုိသံုးတယ္။

We live in a small village next to the church. (the church in our village)

Dad, can I borrow the car? (the car that belongs to our family)

When we stayed at my grandmother’s house, we went to the beach every day. (the beach near my grandmother’s house)

Look at the boy in the blue shirt over there. (the boy I am pointing at)

ေဖာ္ျပၿပီးျဖစ္တဲ့အရာေတြအတြက္လဲ the နဲ႔ သံုးပါတယ္။

A woman who fell 10 metres from High Peak was lifted to safety by a helicopter. The woman fell while climbing. The rescue is the latest in a series of incidents on High Peak. In January last two year men walking on the peak well killed in a fall.

Noun က အရာ အားလံုးကို ရည္ၫႊန္းေနတယ္ဆုိတာကုိေျပာခ်င္ရင္လဲ the ကုိသံုးတယ္။

The wolf is not really a dangerous animal. (Wolves are not really dangerous animals.)

The kangaroo is found only in Australia. (Kangaroos are found only in Australia.)

The heart pumps blood around the body. (Hearts pump blood around the bodies.)

Musical instruments ေတြအားလံုးၿခံဳငံုေျပာခ်င္ရင္လဲ the ကုိသံုးတယ္။

Joe plays the piano really well. (Joe can play any piano.)

She is learning the guitar. (She is learning to play any guitar.)

System/ service ေတြကို ရည္ၫႊန္းတဲ့အခါမွာလဲ the ကုိသံုးတယ္။

How long does it take on the train?

I heard it on the radio.

You should tell the police.

Groups of people အေၾကာင္းေျပာခ်င္ရင္ rich, poor, elderly, unemployed လုိ adj ေတြရဲ႕ေရွ႕မွာ the ခံသံုးတယ္။

Life can be very hard for the poor.

I think the rich should pay more taxes.

She works for a group to help the disabled.

ပံုမွန္အားျဖင့္ definite article – the ကုိ names ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲမသံုးဘူး။

William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.

Paris is the capital of France.

Iran is in Asia.

The နဲ႔ သံုးရတဲ့ names အခ်ိဳ႕ရွိတယ္။ အဲဒါေတြက

Kingdom, states, republic ပါတဲ့ႏုိင္ငံနာမည္ေတြကုိလဲ the နဲ႔ ေရးတယ္။

The united kingdom, the kingdom of Nepal, the United States, the People’s Republic of China

Plural noun ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့ ႏုိင္ငံနာမည္ေတြကုိလဲ the နဲ႔ ေရးတယ္။

The Netherlands, the Philippines

ေတာင္တန္းေတြ၊ ကၽြန္းစုေတြ၊ ျမစ္ေတြ၊ ပင္လယ္ေတြ၊ သမုဒၵရာေတြ၊ တူးေျမာင္းေတြရဲ႕ နာမည္ (Geographic Features) ေတြကုိလဲ the နဲ႔ ေရးတယ္။

The Himalayas, the Canaries, the Atlantic, the Atlantic Oceans, the Amazon, the Panama Canal

သတင္းစာနာမည္ေတြကုိလဲ the နဲ႔ ေရးတယ္။

The Times, the Washington Post

နာမည္ေက်ာ္အေဆာက္အဦ၊ အႏုပညာလက္ရာနာမည္ေတြကိုလဲ the နဲ႔ ေရးတယ္။

The Empire State Building, the Taj Mahal, the Mona Lisa, the Sunflowers

Organizations အမည္ေတြကုိလဲ the နဲ႔ ေရးတယ္။

The United Nations, the Seamen’s Union

Hotel, pub, restaurant ေတြရဲ႕အမည္ေတြကိုလဲ the နဲ႔ ေရးတယ္။

The Ritz, the Ritz Hotel, the King’s Head, the Golden Duck

သုိ႔ေသာ္ ပုိင္ရွင္ရဲ႕အမည္နဲ႔ hotel, restaurant ေတြကုိ နာမည္ေပးထားရင္ေတာ့ the မထည့္ဘူး။

Brown’s, Brown’s Hotel, Morel’s, Morel’s Restaurant, etc.

Family names ေတြကုိလဲ the နဲ႔ေရးတယ္။

The Obamas, the Jacksons

Qualifiers

တစ္ခုခုရဲ႕အေရအတြက္ေတြကို ေျပာခ်င္ရင္ qualifiers ေတြကုိသံုးတယ္။

တစ္ခါတစ္ရံတြင္ determiners ေတြရဲ႕အစား qualifiers ေတြကုိသံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

Most children start school at the age of five.

We ate some bread and butter.

We saw lots of birds.

ေအာက္ပါ qualifiers ေတြကိုေတာ့ count noun/ uncount noun ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးလံုးနဲ႔ သံုးတယ္။

All	Any	Enough	Less	A lot of	Lost of
More	Most	No	None of	Some
Plenty of	Heaps of	A load of	Loads of	Tons of	etc.

ေအာက္ပါ qualifiers ေတြကိုေတာ့ count noun နဲ႔သာ တြဲသံုးရတယ္။

Both	Each	Either	(A) few	Fewer	Neither
Several	A couple of	Hundreds of	etc.

ေအာက္ပါ qualifiers ေတြကိုေတာ့ uncount noun နဲ႔သာတြဲသံုးရတယ္။

A little

(Not) much

A bit of

A great deal of, a good deal of တို႔ကေတာ့ time, money, trouble စသည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ abstract noun ေတြနဲ႔ သီးသန္႔ သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ members of group ကုိေျပာခ်င္တဲ့အခါ qualifier ေနာက္က noun ကုိထားရတယ္။

Few snakes are dangerous.

Both brothers work with their father.

I never have enough money.

သို႔ေသာ္ specific group of people or things ေတြကိုေျပာခ်င္တဲ့အခါ of the ေနာက္ကမွ noun ကုိထားရတယ္။

Few of the snakes are dangerous.

All of the children live at home.

He has spent all of his money.

Two people or things အေၾကာင္းေျပာတဲ့အခါ both/ either/ neither တုိ႔ကုိသံုးတယ္။

One supermarket	Two supermarkets	More than two supermarkets
The supermarket was closed.	Both the supermarkets were closed.	All the supermarkets were closed.
The supermarket wasn’t open.	Neither of the supermarkets was open.	None of the supermarkets were open.
I don’t think the supermarket was open.	I don’t think either of the supermarkets was open.	I don’t think any of the supermarkets were open.

မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ either, neither တို႔ကုိ singular verb နဲ႔တြဲသံုးရတယ္။

Each/ every တုိ႔ကုိ singular noun န႔ဲတြဲေပမယ့္ all ဆုိတဲ့အဓိပၸါယ္ရတယ္။

When we were children, we had holidays at our grandmother’s house every year.

When we stayed at our grandmother’s house, we went to the beach every day.

We visit our daughter every Christmas.

Every, each တို႔ေရွ႕မွာေတာ့ determiner ေတြမသံုးရဘူး။

We don’t say:

The every shop was decorated with flowers.

The each child was given a prize.