Verbs

Verbs (1) Irregular Verbs

Verb ေတြကုိ ပံုစံ(၄)မ်ိဳးနဲ႔ ေလ့လာထားရမယ္။

Based form	Past Tense	Past Participle	_ing form
Work	Worded	Worked	Working
Play	Played	Played	Playing
Listen	Listened	Listened	Listening

Verb အမ်ားစုရဲ႕ past tense and past participle ေတြကေတာ့ -ed ဆက္ေပးလုိက္႐ံုပါပဲ။ ဒါမ်ိဳး verb ေတြကုိ regular verb လုိ႔ေခၚၿပီး အျခား ပံုစံအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးနဲ႔ verb ေတြကုိေတာ့ irregular verb လုိ႔ေခၚတယ္။

Base form	Past tense	Past participle
be begin break bring buy build choose come cost cut do draw drive eat feel find get give go have hear hold keep know leave lead let lie lose make mean meet pay put run say see sell send set sit speak spend stand take teach tell think understand wear win write	was/were began broke brought bought built chose came cost cut did drew drove ate felt found got gave went had heard held kept knew left led let lay lost made meant met paid put ran said saw sold sent set sat spoke spent stood took taught told thought understood wore won wrote	been begun broken brought bought built chosen come cost cut done drawn driven eaten felt found got given gone had heard held kept known left led let lain lost made meant met paid put run said seen sold sent set sat spoken spent stood taken taught told thought understood worn won written

Verbs (2) – Question forms

1. Auxiliary verb (အကူႀကိယာ)ေတြကုိ ေရွ႕ပုိ႔ေပးျခင္းျဖင့္ ေမးခြန္းလုပ္ႏုိင္တယ္။

Everybody is watching. > Is everybody watching?

They had worked hard.> Had they worked hard?

He’s finished work.> Has he finished work?

Everybody had been working hard.> Had everybody been working hard?

He has been singing.> Has he been singing?

English is spoken all over the world.> Is English spoken all over the world?

The window has been cleaned.> Has the window been cleaned?

2. Modal ကုိ ေရွ႕ပုိ႔ေပးျခင္းျဖင့္လဲ ေမးခြန္းလုပ္ႏုိင္တယ္။

They will come.> Will they come?

He might come.> Might he come?

They will have arrived by now.> Will they have arrived by now?

She would have been listening.> Would she have been listening?

The work will be finished soon.> Will the work be finished soon?

They might have been invited to the party.> Might they have been invited to the party?

3. Present simple/ Past simple တို႔မွာ auxiliary/ modal မပါဘူး။ သူတုိ႔ကုိ ေမးခြန္းလုပ္ခ်င္ရင္ေတာ့ present simple အတြက္ does/ do၊ past simple အတြက္ did ဆိုတဲ့ auxiliary verb ေတြနဲ႔ ေမးခြန္းလုပ္ေပးရတယ္။

They live here.> Do they live here?

John lives here.> Does John live here?

Everybody laughed.> Did everybody laugh?

Verbs (3) – Verb Phrases

English မွာ Verb phrase ေတြရွိတယ္။

၁။ main verb

We are here.

I like it.

Everybody saw the accident.

We laughed.

Verb ကေတာ့ present သုိ႔မဟုတ္ past tense ျဖစ္ခ်င္ျဖစ္မယ္။ Main verb သာပါတဲ့ verb phrase ဟာ simple aspect ကို ျပတာပါပဲ။

၂။ auxiliary verb ‘be’+ main verb ‘-ing’

Everybody is watching.

We are laughing.

Verb phrase with ‘be’+ ‘-ing’ ဟာ continuous aspect ကိုျပတယ္။

၃။ auxiliary verb ‘have’ + main verb ‘past participle’

They have enjoyed themselves.

Everybody has worked hard.

He had finished work.

Verb phrase with ‘have’ + ‘past participle’ ဟာ perfect aspect ကိုုျပတယ္။ (has, have – present/ had – past)

၄။ Auxiliary verb ‘have+been’ + main verb ‘-ing’

Everybody has been working hard.

He had been singing.

Verb phrase ‘have been’ + present participle ဟာ perfect continuous aspect ကိုျပတယ္။

၅။ Modal verb + main verb

Modal verb = can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would

They will come.

They might come.

၆။ Modal verb + auxiliary verb ‘be,’ ‘have,’ ‘have been,’

They will be listening.

He might have arrived.

She must have been listening.

၇။ Active and Passive

Transitive ေတြမွာ active form ေရာ passive ေရာ ရွိတယ္။

The hunter killed the lion. (active) = The lion was killed by the hunter. (passive)

Someone has cleaned the windows. = The windows have been cleaned.

‘Be’ + ‘past participle’ verb phrase နဲ႔ passive form လုပ္ရပါတယ္။

English is spoken all over the world.

The windows have been cleaned.

Lunch was being served.

The work will be finished soon.

They might have been invited to the party.

Verbs (4) – Present Tense

English မွာ present tense ႏွင့္ past tense ဆိုၿပီး tense ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးရွိတယ္။

Present tense ကုိ English မွာ -

Present အေၾကာင္းေျပာဖုိ႔၊

Future အေၾကာင္းေျပာဖုိ႔၊

Story ေျပာတဲ့အခါ၊ book, film, play စသည္ အက်ဥ္းခ်ဳပ္ေျပာျပတဲ့အခါမ်ိဳးေတြမွာ Past tense အေၾကာင္းေျပာဖို႔ အသံုးျပဳပါတယ္။

English မွာ Present Tense ေလးမ်ိဳးရွိပါတယ္။

1. Present Simple: I work.

2. Present Continuous: I am working.

3. Present Perfect: I have worked.

4. Present Perfect Continuous: I have been working.

ဒီပံုစံေတြကုိ Present အေၾကာင္းေျပာဖုိ႔ သံုးတယ္။

He works at McDonald’s. He has worked there for three months now.

He is working at McDonald’s. He has been working there for three months now.

London is the capital of Britain.

Future အေၾကာင္း ေျပာဖုိ႔ သံုးတယ္။

The next train leaves at this evening at 1700 hours.

I’ll phone you when I get home.

He’s meeting Peter in town this afternoon.

I’ll come home as soon as I have finished work.

You will be tired out after you have been working all night.

Past အေၾကာင္း ေျပာဖို႔သံုးတယ္။

I say to him, ‘What’s your game, son?’

Brando plays an ex-boxer standing up to corrupt bosses.

McEwan handles the characters with his customary skill.

1. Present Simple

Present simple is the base form of the verb: I work in London.

But the third person (he/ she/ it) adds an –s: She works in London.

Present simple ကုိ ေလာေလာဆယ္ အမွန္တရားေတြ (true in the present) ေျပာတဲ့အခါ သံုးတယ္။

I’m nineteen years old.

He lives in London.

I’m a student.

ေလာေလာဆယ္မွာ အႀကိမ္ႀကိမ္ျဖစ္တာေတြ (that happens again and again in the present) ေျပာတဲ့အခါသံုးတယ္။

I play football every weekend.

ဒီအေျခအေနမ်ိဳးမွာ sometimes, always, often, never ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ adverb of frequency ေတြနဲ႔ present tense နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

I sometimes go to the cinema.

She never plays football.

အၿမဲတမ္းမွန္ကန္ေနတဲ့တရားေတြအတြက္ (that is always true) သံုးတယ္။

The human body contains 206 bones.

Light travels at almost 300,000 kilometres per second.

အနာဂတ္မွာ က်ိန္းေသ သတ္မွတ္ထားတဲ့အရာေတြေျပာတဲ့အခါ (that is fixed in the future) သံုးတယ္။

The school terms starts next week.

The train leaves at 1945 this morning.

We fly to Paris next week.

Question and Negative

Present tense မွာ question/ negative လုပ္ဖို႔အတြက္ do/ does ကိုအကူယူေပးရတယ္။ Third person (he/ she/ it) တို႔အတြက္ does ကို ယူၿပီး အျခားအရာေတြအတြက္ do ကုိယူသံုးတယ္။ အနဲကိန္းအတြက္ does/ အမ်ားကိန္းအတြက္ do လုိ႔မွတ္ထားေပါ့။ where/ what/ why/ when/ which/ how/ whom စတဲ့ question word ေတြနဲ႔လဲ တြဲၿပီးေမးခြန္းလုပ္ႏုိင္တယ္။

Do you play the piano?

Where do you live?

Does Jack play football?

Where does he come from?

Do Rita and Angela live in Manchester?

Where do they work?

Who နဲ႔ေမးခြန္းလုပ္ရင္ေတာ့ do/ does ေတြ မပါတာကိုသတိထားရပါမယ္။

Who lives in London?

Who plays football at the weekend?

Who works at Liverpool City Hospital?

အကယ္၍ does/ do ပါလာမယ္ဆုိရင္ အဓိပၸါယ္ ကြဲလြဲသြားတယ္ဆုိတာ မွတ္ထားပါ။

Who do you play with? = With whom do you paly?

Who do you want to speak to? = To whom do you want to speak?

အျငင္း၀ါက် (negative sentence) လုပ္တဲ့အခါမွာလဲ does/ do အကူယူၿပီး not ထည့္ေပး႐ံုပါပဲ။ (do not = don’t/ does not = doesn’t)

I like tennis but I don’t like football.

I don’t live in London now.

I don’t play the piano, but I play the guitar.

They don’t work at the weekend.

John doesn’t live in Manchester.

Angela doesn’t drive to work. She goes by bus.

2. Present Continuous

Present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the present participle (-ing) form of a verb. (be+-ing)

၁။ Present continuous tense ကို present အေၾကာင္း ေျပာတဲ့အခါ သံုးတယ္။ သံုးတဲ့အခါမွာလဲ-

-ေျပာေနခ်ိန္မွာ ျဖစ္ေနတာကုိ ေျပာဖုိ႔သံုးတယ္။ (happening at the moment of speaking)

I’m just leaving work. I’ll be home in an hour.

Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.

-ေျပာတဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ ျဖစ္ေနတာေတြကုိ ေျပာဖု႔ိသံုးတယ္။ (happening before and after a given time)

At eight o’clock we are usually having breakfast.

When I get home the children are doing their homework.

- ယာယီလုိ႔ ထင္ျမင္ထားတဲ့အရာေတြ ေျပာတဲ့အခါသံုးတယ္။ (which we think is temporary)

Michael is at university. He’s studying history.

I’m working in London for the next two weeks.

- အေၾကာင္းအရာက အသစ္ျဖစ္ေနၿပီး အေဟာင္းနဲ႔ ဆန္႔က်င္ေနတာေတြ ေျပာတဲ့အခါ သံုးတယ္။ (which is new and contrasts with a previous state)

These days most people are using email instead of writing letters.

What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays? What sort of music are they listening to?

- ေျပာင္းလဲျဖစ္စဥ္ကုိျပဖုိ႔ သံုးတယ္။ (to show that something is changing, growing or developing)

The children are growing quickly.

The climate is changing rapidly.

Your English is improving.

- မၾကာခဏ ျဖစ္ေနတာေတြေျပာဖို႔သံုးတယ္။

It’s always raining in London.

They are always arguing.

George is great. He’s always laughing.

(ဒီလုိအေျခအေနမ်ိဳးမွာ always ကိုသံုးတယ္ဆုိတာ သတိထားခဲ့ပါ။)

၂. Present continuous tense ကို အနာဂတ္ကိုေျပာဖို႔အတြက္သံုးတယ္။ စီစဥ္ထားၿပီး အရာေတြအတြက္ သံုးတယ္။ (something which has been arranged or planned)

Mary is going to a new school next term.

What are you doing next week?

၃။ အတိတ္ကုိေျပာဖို႔လဲ present continuous tense ကိုသံုးတယ္။

ပံုျပင္ေတြေျပာတဲ့အခါမ်ိဳး၊ စာအုပ္ ဇာတ္ကား ျပဇာတ္ေတြကို အက်ဥ္းခ်ဳပ္ေနတဲ့အခါမ်ိဳးေတြမွာ သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။ (When we are telling a story: When we are summarizing the story from a book, film or play etc:)

3. Present Perfect

Present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a verb. (has/have + past participle)

Present perfect continuous is formed with has/ have been and the –ing form of the verb. (has/ have been + -ing)

Present perfect tense ကို

အတိတ္ကစခဲ့ၿပီး ပစၥဳပၸန္(ေလာေလာဆယ္)မွာ ဆက္လက္ျဖစ္ေနတဲ့အရာေတြကုိ ေျပာရင္ သံုးတယ္။

They’ve been married for nearly fifty years.

She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

ပံုမွန္အားျဖင့္ေတာ့ present perfect continuous ကို သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

She has been living in Liverpool all her life.

It’s has been raining for hours.

အတိတ္ကလဲ မၾကာခဏျပဳလုပ္ေလ့ရွိၿပီး အခုလဲ ဆက္ျပဳလုပ္ေနေသးတဲ့အရာေတြ ေျပာရင္ သံုးတယ္။

I’ve played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.

He has written three books and he is working on another one.

I’ve been watching that program every week.

အတိတ္ဘယ္အခ်ိန္ကစခဲ့တယ္ဆုိတာ ေျပာဖို႔ ဒီလုိမ်ိဳး sentence ေတြနဲ႔ since နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

They’ve been staying with us since last week.

I have worked here since I left school.

I’ve been watching that program every week since it started.

အခုအထိ အေတြ႕အႀကံဳေတြကို ေျပာတဲ့အခါ သံုးတယ္။ ever/ never တို႔နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.

Have you ever met George?

Yes, but I have never met his wife.

ေျပာတဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ အေရးႀကီးေနတဲ့ အတိတ္က ျဖစ္ရပ္ေတြအတြက္ သံုးတယ္။

I can’t get in the house. I’ve lost my keys.

Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.

I’m tired out. I’ve been working all day.

တစ္ေယာက္ေယာက္ တစ္ေနရာရာ သြားၿပီးျပန္လာတဲ့အခါ present perfect ‘be’ ကုိသံုးတယ္။

Where have you been? I’ve just been out of the supermarket.

Have you ever been to San Francisco? No, but I’ve been to Los Angles.

ျပန္မလာေသးဘူးဆုိရင္ေတာ့ has/ have gone ကုိသံုးတယ္။

Where is Maria? I haven’t seen her for weeks.

She’s gone to Paris for a week. She’ll be back tomorrow.

Recent past ကိုျပတဲ့ just/ only just/ recently ဆုိတဲ့ time adverbial ေတြနဲ႔ present perfect နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

Scientists have recently discovered a new breed of monkey.

We have just got back from our holidays.

Present အထိေျပာတဲ့ adverbial ေတြနဲ႔လဲ သံုးတယ္။

Ever (in question); so far; until now; up to now; yet (in question and negative)

Have you ever seen a ghost?

Where have you been up to now?

Have you finished your homework yet?

No, so far I’ve only done my history.

Note: ၿပီးၿပီးအတိတ္ကို ၫႊန္းတဲ့ adverbial ေတြနဲ႔ သံုးလုိ႔မရဘူး။

I have seen that film yesterday.

We have just bought a new car last week.

When we were children we have been California.

ဒါေမပမယ့္ မၿပီးေသးတဲ့အတိတ္ကို ရည္ၫႊန္းရင္ေတာ့ သံုးလို႔ရတယ္။

Have you seen Helen today?

We have bought a new car this week.

Verbs (5) – Past Tense

English မွာ present tense ႏွင့္ past tense ဆိုၿပီး tense ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးရွိတယ္။

Past tense ကို -

အတိတ္အေၾကာင္းေျပာဖုိ႔၊

တင္စားေျပာတဲ့ အရာ၊ အမွန္ထက္ စဥ္းစားထားတာေတြေျပာတဲ့ hypotheses အေၾကာင္းေျပာဖို႔ႏွင့္

ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ politeness အေၾကာင္းေျပာဖို႔ သံုးတယ္။

Past tense forms (၄)မ်ိဳးရွိတယ္။

Past simple: I worked.

Past continuous: I was working.

Past perfect: I had worked.

Past perfect continuous: I had been working.

ဒီပံုစံုေတြကို -

၁။ past အေၾကာင္းေျပာဖုိ႔သံုးတယ္။

He worked at McDonald’s. He had worked there since July.

He was working at McDonald’s. He had been working since July.

၂။ Present or future ကိုရည္ၫႊန္း Conditions ေတြမွာ ဖို႔သံုးတယ္။

He could get a new job if he really tried.

If Jack was playing, they would probably win.

-Hypotheses ေတြမွာလဲ သံုးတယ္။

It might be dangerous. Suppose they got lost.

I would always help someone who really needed help.

- Wishes ေတြမွာလဲ သံုးတယ္။

I wish it wasn’t so cold.

၃။ Conditions, hypotheses, wishes ေတြမွာ past အေၾကာင္းေျပာခ်င္ရင္ perfect tense ကုိပဲ အၿမဲသံုးရတယ္။

I would have helped him if he had asked.

It was very dangerous. What if you had got lost?

I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.

၄။ အခ်ိဳ႕ polite expression ေတြမွာ present အေၾကာင္းေျပာဖို႔ past ကုိသံုးႏုိင္တယ္။

Excuse me, I was wondering if this was the train for York.

I just hoped you would be able to help me.

1. Past Simple

Past Simple tense ကို -

အတိတ္က တစ္ခ်န္ကျဖစ္ခဲ့တာကို ေျပာရန္ သံုးတယ္။

I met my wife in 1983.

We went to Spain for our holidays.

They got home very late last night.

အတိတ္က အႀကိမ္ႀကိမ္ျဖစ္ခဲ့တာေတြ ေျပာရန္သံုးတယ္။

When I was a boy I walked a mile to school every day.

We swam a lot when we were on holiday.

They always enjoyed visiting their friends.

အတိတ္တစ္ခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္က အမွန္ျဖစ္ခဲ့တာကို ေျပာရန္သံုးတယ္။

I lived abroad for ten years.

He enjoyed being a student.

She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.

ရံခါ ago နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

I met my wife a long time ago.

Questions and Negatives

Question လုပ္ဖုိ႔အတြက္ did ကုိ အကူယူသံုးရတယ္။

When did you meet your wife?

Where did you go for your holidays?

Did she play tennis when she was younger?

Did you live abroad?

Who နဲ႔ေမးရင္ေတာ့ did မပါတာကုိ သတိထားပါ။

Who discovered penicillin?

Who wrote Don Quixote?

Negative လုပ္ဖုိ႔ေတာ့ didn’t ကုိသံုးတယ္။ (did not)

They didn’t go to Spain this year.

We didn’t get home until very late last night.

I didn’t see you yesterday.

2. Past Continuous

The past continuous is formed from the past tense of be with the –ing form of the verb.

အတိတ္အေၾကာင္းကုိေျပာဖို႔ past continuous ကုိသံုးရာတြင္- ဘယ္လုိအေျခအေနမ်ိဳးမွာ သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္ဆုိတာ ေအာက္ပါရွင္းလင္းခ်က္ေလးေတြနဲ႔ ဥပမာေလးေတြကို ေသခ်ာနားလည္ေအာင္ ၾကည့္ပါ။

We use the past continuous to talk about the past:

- for something which continued before and after another action.

The children are doing their homework when I got home.

As I was watching television the telephone rang.

The other day I was waiting for a bus when….

Last week as I was driving to work….

- for something that happened before and after a particular time.

It was eight o’clock. I was writing a letter.

In July she was working in McDonald’s.

- to show that something continued for some time.

My head was aching.

Everyone was shouting.

- for something that was happening again and again.

I was practising everyday, three times a day.

They were meeting secretly after school.

They were always quarreling.

- with verbs which show change or growth.

The children are growing up quickly.

Her English was improving.

My hair was going grey.

The town was changing quickly.

3. Past Perfect

Past Perfect ကို had + past participle နဲ႔ ေရးရတယ္။

I had finished the work.

She had gone.

Past perfect continuous ကို had been + -ing နဲ႔ ေရးရတယ္။

I had been finishing the work.

She had been going.

Past perfect ကုိလဲ present perfect တုန္းကလိုပဲသံုးတာပါ။ သို႔ေသာ္ အခုျဖစ္ေနတာကို မရည္ၫႊန္းဘဲ အတိတ္ကျဖစ္ေနခဲ့တာကို ရည္ၫႊန္းတယ္။ အသံုးျပဳရာတြင္

- အတိတ္က စခဲ့ၿပီး အတိတ္က ေျပာေနတဲ့အခ်ိန္အထိ ဆက္ျဖစ္ေနတာအတြက္ သံုးတယ္။

When George died he and Anne had been married for early fifty years.

She didn’t want to move. She had lived in Liverpool all her life.

ဒါမ်ိဳးကုိ Past perfect continuous နဲ႔ ပံုမွန္သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

She didn’t want to move. She had been living in Liverpool all her life.

Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.

-အတိတ္က အႀကိမ္ႀကိမ္ျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့တာေတြဟာ ေျပာေနတဲ့အတိတ္အခ်ိန္ေက်ာ္ေအာင္ ဆက္ျဖစ္ေနခဲ့တာမ်ိဳးအတြက္လဲ သံုးတယ္။

He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager.

He had written three books and he was working on another one.

I had been watching the programme every week, but I missed the last episode.

အတိတ္ကစခဲ့တယ္ဆုိတာျပဖုိ႔အတြက္ clause ကို since နဲ႔ ေရးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

They had been staying with us since the previous week.

I was sorry when the factory closed. I had worked there since I left school.

I had been watching the programme every week since it started but I missed the last episode.

-Experience, အေတြ႕အႀကံဳေတြကို တင္ျပတဲ့အခါမ်ိဳးမွာ သံုးတယ္၊ အဲဒီတုန္းက ပစၥဳပၸန္အတြက္ သံုးတယ္။

My eighteenth birthday was the worst day I had ever had.

I was pleased to meet George. I hadn’t met him before, even though I had met his wife several times.

- အတိတ္မွာျဖစ္ခဲ့တယ္၊ ဒါေပမယ့္ ေျပာျပတဲ့အခ်ိန္မွာ အေရးႀကီးတယ္ဆုိရင္ သံုးတယ္။

I couldn’t get into the house. I had lost my keys.

Teresa wasn’t at home. She had gone shopping.

- Conditions, hypotheses, wishes ေတြမွာ အတိတ္အေၾကာင္း ေျပာရင္ past perfect ကိုသံုးတယ္။

I would have helped him if he had asked.

It was very dangerous. What if you have got lost?

I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.

Verbs (6) – Perfect Aspect

Present Perfect ကုိ တစ္စံုတစ္ခုဟာ အခုခ်ိန္အထိ ဆက္ျဖစ္ေနတာေျပာဖုိ႔သံုးတယ္။

They have been married for nearly fifty years.

She’s lived in Liverpool all her life.

-ပစၥဳပၸန္မွာ အေရးႀကီးတာေတြကိုသံုးတယ္။

I’ve lost my keys. I can’t get into the house.

Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.

Present Perfect Continuous ကို ပစၥဳပၸန္အထိ ဆက္လက္ျဖစ္ေနတာကိုျပဖုိ႔သံုးတယ္။

It has been raining for hours.

We’ve been waiting here since six o’clock this morning.

Past perfect ကုိ အတိတ္တစ္ခ်ိန္အထိ ဆက္ျဖစ္ေနတာေျပာဖုိ႔သံုးတယ္။

When George died he and Anne had been married for nearly fifty years.

- အတိတ္မွာ အဲဒီအခ်ိန္အေရးႀကီးတာကိုေျပာဖုိ႔ သံုးတယ္။

I couldn’t get into the house. I had lost my keys.

Teresa wasn’t at home. She had gone shopping.

Past Perfect Continuous ကို အတိတ္တစ္ခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္အထိ ဆက္လက္ျဖစ္ေနတာကို ျပဖို႔ သံုးတယ္။ အတိတ္တစ္ခ်ိန္မွာ အေရးႀကီးတာကို ျပဖို႔သံုးတယ္။

Everything was wet. It had been raining for hours.

He was a wonderful guitarist. He had been playing ever since he was a teenager.

တစ္စံုတစ္ခုဟာ အနာဂတ္တစ္ခ်ိန္ခ်ိန္မွာၿပီးမယ္ဆုိတာ ျပဖို႔ perfect ကို will နဲ႔ သံုးတယ္။

In a few years, they will have discovered a cure for the common old.

I can come out tonight. I’ll have finished my homework by then.

အတိတ္က ျဖစ္ေတာ့ မျဖစ္ခဲ့ဘူး၊ သို႔ေသာ္ အေၾကာင္းတုိက္ဆုိင္ရင္ ျဖစ္ႏုိင္ခဲ့တာေတြေျပာဖုိ႔ perfect ကို would နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

If you had asked me I would have helped you.

I would have helped you, but you didn’t ask me.

You didn’t ask me or I would have helped you.

တစ္စံုတစ္ခု ျဖစ္ႏုိင္မယ္၊ ျဖစ္သင့္တယ္၊ ျဖစ္သင့္ခဲ့တယ္လို႔ေျပာရတဲ့ အခ်ိန္ကေန ျပန္ၾကည့္ၿပီးေျပာတဲ့အခါ perfective aspect ကုိ modals ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

The point of time may be in the future:

We’ll meet again next week. We might have finished the work by then.

I’ll phone at six o’clock. He should have got home by then.

The present:

It’s getting late. They should have arrived by now.

He’s still not here. He must have missed his train.

The past:

I wasn’t feeling well. I must have eaten something bad.

I checked my cell phone. She could have left a message.

Verbs (7) – Continuous Aspect

Continuous = be + -ing

Present tense ေရာ Past tense မွာပါ Continuous Form ရွိတယ္။

Continuous aspect ကို -

ေျပာတဲ့အခ်ိန္မတုိင္မီအခ်ိန္ကေန ေက်ာ္သြားသည္အထိ ျဖစ္ေနတာကို သံုးတယ္။ (before and after a given time)

He’s getting on the train. [before and after the moment of speaking]

It was quarter past ten. We were watching the news on television.

အျခားလုပ္ေဆာင္ခ်က္တစ္ခုရဲ႕ မတိုင္မီအခ်ိန္ကေန ေက်ာ္သြားသည္အထိ ျဖစ္ေနတာကို သံုးတယ္။ [before and after another action]

Mother will be cooking the dinner when get home.

We were waiting for the bus when it started to rain.

အခ်ိန္ေတာ္ေတာ္ၾကာၾကာ ဆက္လက္ျဖစ္ေနတာအတြက္ သံုးတယ္။ [continuing for some time]

Everyone will be waiting for us.

They had been working hard all day.

ထပ္ျပန္တလဲလဲျဖစ္ေနတာအတြက္သံုးတယ္။ [happening again and again]

They’ve been doing that every day this week.

The children are always shouting.

He will be practicing the piano every night.

ယာယီအတြက္ (temporary) သံုးတယ္

We are renting an apartment until our house is ready.

He was working in a garage during the vacation.

အသစ္တစ္စံုတစ္ရာအတြက္ သံုးတယ္။ [something new]

We have moved from Birmingham. We’re living in Manchester now.

He had left university and was working in his father’s business.

ေျပာင္းလဲ၊ တုိးတက္ေနတာေတြအတြက္ သံုးတယ္။ [changing or developing]

Everything has been getting more difficult.

He was growing more bad-tempered every day.