Adjectives

Nouns ေတြကို ဖြင့္ျပဖုိ႔အတြက္ adj ကုိသံုးတယ္။

Adjective အမ်ားစုကုိေတာ့ noun ေရွ႕က ထားေလ့ရွိတယ္။

They have a beautiful house.

We saw a very exciting film last night.

Be, look, feel ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ link verb ေတြေနာက္မွာလဲ ထားသံုးတယ္။

Their house is beautiful. (be + adj)

That film looks interesting. (look + adj)

Adjectives (1) - -ed and –ing

Adjective ေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားဟာ verb ကုိ -ing/ -ed ဆက္ျခင္းျဖင့္ ျဖစ္လာတယ္။

(၁) –ing adjectives

အမ်ားသံုး -ing adjective မ်ားကေတာ့

Amusing	Shocking	Surprising	Frightening
Interesting	Disappointing	Exciting	Tiring
Worrying	Boring	Terrifying	Annoying
Confusing	Exhausting	Delighting	Satisfying

If you say something interesting, you mean it interests you. If you say something frightening, you mean it frightens you.

I read a very interesting article in the newspaper today.

That Dracular film was absolutely terrifying.

(၂) –ed adjectives

အမ်ားသံုး -ed adjective ေတြကေတာ့

Annoyed	Bored	Frightened	Worried
Tired	Closed	Excited	Delighted
Disappointed	Confused	Exhausted	Satisfied
Shocked	Amused	Surprised	Interested

If something annoys you, you can say you feel annoyed. If something interests you, you can say you are interested.

The children had nothing to do. They were bored.

Adjectives (2) – Order of Adjectives

ရံခါတြင္ noun တစ္ခုေရွ႕မွာ adjective ေတြ တစ္ခုထက္ပုိၿပီး သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

He was a nice intelligent young man.

She has a small round black wooden box.

အခ်ိဳ႕ adjective ေတြဟာ ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္ေတြ (general opinion) ေပးပါတယ္။ ဒီလုိမ်ိဳး adjective ေတြကို မည္သည့္ noun ကိုမဆုိ အထူးျပဳပါတယ္။

Opinion Adjectives

Good	Bad	Lovely	Strange
Beautiful	Nice	Brilliant	Excellent
Awful	Important	Wonderful	Nasty

အခ်ိဳ႕ adjective ေတြကေတာ့ သီးသန္႔ ထင္ျမင္ခ်က္ေတြ (specific opinion) ကို ေပးပါတယ္။ ဒီလုိမ်ိဳး adjective ေတြကေတာ့ သက္ဆုိင္ရာ noun ေတြကုိပဲ အထူးျပဳေပးတယ္။

Food: tasty, delicious

Furniture, buildings: comfortable, uncomfortable

People, animals: clever, intelligent, friendly

Specific opinion adjective ေတြရဲ႕ ေရွ႕မွာ general opinion adjective ေတြကုိထားေလ့ရွိတယ္။

Nice tasty soup

A nasty uncomfortable armchair

A lovely intelligent animal

ပံုမွန္အားျဖင့္ သ႐ုပ္ေဖာ္ နာမ၀ိေသသန (descriptive adjective) ေတြရဲ႕ေရွ႕မွာ opinion adjective ေတြကို ထားေလ့ရွိတယ္။

A nice red dress; a silly old man; those horrible yellow curtains

Noun တစ္ခုရဲ႕ေရွ႕မွာ adjective ႏွစ္ခုကိုလဲ မၾကာခဏေတြ႕ရတတ္တယ္။

A handsome young man; a big black car; that horrible big dog

ရံခါမွာေတာ့ adjective သံုးလံုးအထိ ေတြ႕ရတတ္တယ္။

A nice handsome young man; a big black American car; that horrible big fierce dog

Adjective သံုးခုထက္ပိုထားတာကေတာ့ အေတာ့္ကုိ အသံုးနဲပါတယ္။

ပံုမွန္အားျဖင့္ adjective ေတြကို ေအာက္ပါအစဥ္အတုိင္း ေတြ႕ရပါတယ္။

၁	၂	၃	၄	၅	၆	၇	၈
General opinion	Specific opinion	Size	Shape	Age	Colour	Nationality	Material

အခ်ိဳ႕ adjective ေတြကုိေတာ့ link verb ေတြရဲ႕ ေနာက္ကပဲ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

Afraid	Alive	Alone	Asleep
Content	Glad	Ill	Ready
Sorry	Sure	Unable	Well

ပံုမွန္အားျဖင့္ -ed adjective ေတြကိုလဲ link verb နဲ႔သာ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

Annoyed; finished; bored; pleased; thrilled, etc.

Our teacher was ill.

My uncle was very glad when he heard the news.

The policeman seemed to be very annoyed.

We don’t say:

We had an ill teacher.

When he heard the news, he was a very glad uncle.

He seemed to be a very annoyed policeman.

(am, is, are, was, were, be - တုိ႔ကုိ link verb ဟုနားလည္ပါ၊ အျခား link verb ေတြကုိေတာ့ verb က႑ေရာက္မွ ေဖာ္ျပမယ္။)

Noun ရဲ႕ေရွ႕မွာပဲ သံုးရတဲ့ adjective ေတြကေတာ့ အနဲငယ္ပဲရွိပါတယ္။

North South East West

Northern Southern Eastern Western

Countless Occasional Lone

Eventful Indoor outdoor

We live in the eastern district.

There were countless problems with the new machinery.

We don’t say:

The district we live in is eastern.

The problems with the new machinery were countless.

Adjectives (3) Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Comparative Adjectives

လူႏွင့္ အရာ၀တၳဳေတြကုိ အထူးျပဳေဖာ္ျပဖုိ႔အတြက္ comparative adjective ေတြကုိသံုးတယ္။

This car is certainly better, but it is much more expensive.

I’m feeling happier now.

We need a bigger garden.

တစ္ခုႏွင့္တစ္ခု ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ခ်င္ရင္ေတာ့ than ထည့္ၿပီးေရးပါတယ္။

She is two years older than me.

New York is much bigger than Boston.

He is a taller player than Ronaldo.

France is a bigger country than Britain.

တစ္ခုခု တစ္ေယာက္ေယာက္ ေျပာင္းလဲလာတာကို ေျပာခ်င္တဲ့အခါ comparative ႏွစ္လံုးကုိ and နဲ႔ ဆက္ၿပီးသံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

The balloon got bigger and bigger.

Everything is getting more and more expensive.

Grandfather is looking older and older.

တစ္ခုက တစ္ခုအေပၚမွီေနတယ္၊ အေၾကာင္းခံေနတယ္ဆိုတာ ျပခ်င္ရင္လဲ comparative adjectives ေတြကို မၾကာခဏသံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

When you drive faster, it is more dangerous.> (The faster you drive, the more dangerous it is.)

When they climbed higher, it got colder.> (The higher they climbed, the colder it got.)

Superlative Adjectives

Superlative adjective ေတြကို the နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

It was the happiest day of my life.

Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

That’s the best film I have seen this year.

I have three sisters, Jan is the oldest and Angela is the youngest.

Adjectives (4) – Intensifiers

Adjective ေတြကို ပုိမုိထိေရာက္ေအာင္ very, really, extremely ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ စကားလံုးမ်ား ထည့္သံုးတယ္။

It’s a very interesting story.

Everyone was very excited.

It’s a really interesting story.

Everyone was extremely excited.

ဒီလို စကားလံုးေတြကုိ intensifiers လို႔ေခၚတယ္။ အျခား intensifiers ေတြကေတာ့

Amazingly, exceptionally, incredibly, remarkably, particularly စသည္ပါပဲ။

Enough ကုိလဲ intensifier အျဖစ္ သံုးတယ္၊ သို႔ေသာ္ သူက adjective ေနာက္ကလာတယ္။

If you were seventeen, you are old enough to drive a car.

I can’t wear those shoes. They are not big enough.

Intensifiers with strong adjectives

တစ္ခုခု တစ္ေယာက္ေယာက္ကို ျခြင္းခ်က္အေနနဲ႔ ေဖာ္ျပခ်င္တဲ့အခါ strong adjective ေတြကိုသံုးတယ္။ Strong adjectives ေတြကေတာ့ ေအာက္ပါ စကားလုံးေတြလုိမ်ိဳးေတြပါပဲ။

Enormous; huge = very huge

Tiny = very small

Brilliant = very clever

Awful; terrible; disgusting; dreadful = very bad

Certain = very sure

Excellent; perfect; ideal; wonderful; splendid = very good

Delicious = very tasty

ဒီ adjective ေတြကို very နဲ႔ တြဲမသံုးပါဘူး။ ဒါေၾကာင့္

Something is ‘very enormous’. Someone is ‘very brilliant’. လုို႔ မေျပာရဘူး။

ဒီလုိ strong adjective ေတြနဲ႔ intensifier တြဲသံုးခ်င္တယ္ဆုိရင္ေတာ့ ဒီစကားလံုးေတြကုိ သံုးပါ။

Absolutely; exceptionally; particularly; really; quite

The film was absolutely awful.

He was an exceptionally brilliant child.

The food smelled really disgusting.

Intensifiers with particular adjectives

အခ်ိဳ႕ intensifier ေတြက အဓိပၸါယ္အေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး သီးသန္႔ adjective ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲသံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။

I’m afraid your wife is dangerously ill.

He was driving dangerously fast.

The car was seriously damaged.

Fortunately, none of the passengers was seriously hurt.

အခ်ိဳ႕ intensifier ေတြက သီးသန္႔ adjective ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲသံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။ ဥပမာ highly ဆိုတဲ့ intensifier ကို successful; intelligent; likely; unlikely တို႔နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

He was highly intelligent.

She’s a highly successful businesswoman.

But we don’t say:

We had a highly tasty meat.

That is a highly good idea.

Bitterly ဆုိတဲ့ intensifier ကိုေတာ့ disappointed; unhappy; cold တို႔နဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

I was bitterly unhappy at school.

We were bitterly disappointed to lose the match.

It can get bitterly cold in winter.

ဒီ intensifier ေတြဟာ ဘယ္လုိမ်ိဳး noun ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္ဆုိတာကုိေတာ့ Dictionary သံုးဖုိ႔လုိပါလိမ့္မယ္။

Intensifiers with comparatives and superlatives

Comparative adjectives ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲၿပီးေတာ့ Intensifier အျဖစ္နဲ႔ ေအာက္ပါစကားလံုး၊ စကားစုေတြကုိ (words/ phrases) သံုးတယ္။

Much; far; a lot; quite a lot; a great deal; a good deal; a good bit; a fair bit

He is much older than me.

New York is a lot bigger than Boston.

Much; far တုိ႔ကုိ intensifier အျဖစ္ noun ေရွ႕က comparative adjective ေတြနဲ႔ သံုးတယ္။

France is a much bigger country than Britain.

He is a far better player than Ronaldo.

ေအာက္ပါစကားလံုးေတြကိုေတာ့ intensifier အျဖစ္နဲ႔ superlative ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲသံုးတယ္။

Easily; by far; far

The blue whale is easily the biggest animal in the world.

This car was by far the most expensive.

Adjectives (5) – Mitigators

Mitigator ေတြဟာ intensifier ေတြနဲ႔ ဆန္႔က်င္ဘက္ပါပဲ။ Adjective ေတြကို အားနဲသြားေစခ်င္ရင္ fairly, rather, quite, ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ mitigator ေတြကုိသံုးပါတယ္။

By the end of the day, we were rather tired.

The film wasn’t great but it was quite exciting.

Informal English မွာေတာ့ pretty ကုိသံုးပါတယ္။

We had a pretty good time at the party.

ဒီလုိမ်ိဳးသံုးတဲ့စကားလံုးေတြကုိ mitigator လုိ႔ေခၚတာပါပဲ။

Quite

Quite ကုိ strong adjective ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲသံုးရင္ေတာ့ absolutely နဲ႔ အဓိပၸပါယ္တူပါတယ္။

The food was quite awful.> The food was absolutely awful.

Mitigators with comparatives

ေအာက္ပါစကားလံုးေတြနဲ႔ စကားစုေတြ (words and phrases) ကို mitigator အျဖစ္နဲ႔ သံုးပါတယ္။

A bit; just a bit; a little; a little bit; just a little bit; rather; slightly

She’s a bit younger than I am.

It takes two hours on the train but it is a little bit longer by road.

This one is rather bigger.

Slightly/ rather တုိ႔ကုိ noun ေတြရဲ႕ေရွ႕က comparative adjective ေတြနဲ႔တြဲသံုးတယ္။

This is a slightly more expensive model than that.

This is rather bigger one than that.

Adjectives as intensifiers

အခ်ိဳ႕ adjective ေတြကို intensifier အေနနဲ႔ သံုးတယ္။

Absolute; total – complete; utter – perfect; real

He’s a complete idiot.

They were talking rather nonsense.

But we don’t say:

The idiot was complete.

The nonsense they were talking was utter.

Adjectives (6) – Noun Modifiers

Noun ခ်င္း ဆက္စပ္အထူးျပဳထားတာမ်ိဳးကုိ Noun modifier လို႔ေခၚတာပါ။ (ပါဠိမွာေတာ့ သမာသ္စပ္တဲ့ နည္းလုိ႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။)

တစ္ခုနဲ႔ တစ္ခု ဆက္စပ္ေနတာကိုေဖာ္ျပဖုိ႔ noun ႏွစ္ပုဒ္တြဲသံုးတယ္။

The village church; the car door; the kitchen window; the chair leg; my coat pocket; London residents

The car’s door, the kitchen’s window, the chair’s leg လုိ႔ possessive နဲ႔ေတာ့ မသံုးဘူးဆုိတာ မွတ္ထားပါ။

ဘာနဲ႔လုပ္ထားတယ္ဆုိတာျပဖုိ႔လဲ noun modifier ေတြကို သံုးပါတယ္။

A gold watch; a leather purse; a metal box

Noun modifier ေတြကုိ -er; -ing ဆံုးတဲ့ noun ေတြနဲ႔လဲ တြဲသံုးပါတယ္။

An office worker; a jewellery maker; a potato peeler; a shopping list; a swimming lesson; a walking holiday

အတုိင္းအတာ၊ အသက္၊ တန္ဖုိး (Measurement/ age/ value) တုိ႔ကုိလဲ noun modifier အျဖစ္နဲ႔ သံုးပါတယ္။

A thirty kilogram suitcase; a two minute rest; a five thousand euro platinum watch; a fifty kilometer journey

စာဖတ္သူ နားေထာင္သူတုိ႔နားလည္ႏုိင္တဲ့ noun ႏွစ္ခုကိုလဲ တြဲသံုးေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။

An ice bucket = a bucket to keep ice in

An ice cube = a cube made of ice

An ice breaker = a ship which breaks ice

The ice age = the time when much of the Earth was covered in ice

ရံခါတြင္ noun ႏွစ္ခုထက္ပုိတြဲသံုးတာေတြလဲ ေတြ႕ရတယ္။

London office workers; grammar practice exercises

Noun modifier ေတြကုိ adjective ေနာက္က ေရးရပါတယ္။

The old newspaper seller

A tiring fifty kilometer journey