Who created it?

The circle shows that five types of actions were performed in past lives. Truthfully, these are the Truth of the Origin of Suffering (Samudaya Sacca), listed in Section (1): - Ignorance (avijjā) - Volitional formations (saṅkhāra) - Craving (taṇhā) - Clinging (upādāna) - Karmic effort (kammabhava) All five constitute Samudaya Sacca. Temporally, this belongs to the past. Look at the top blue bar in Section (1) of the circle: the three Defilement Bonds (kilesa-vatta) on one side, and the two Karmic Bonds (kamma-vatta) on the other. Together, these five past causes form the Defilement Bond and Karmic Bond. What else could they be? These two bonds create Samudaya Sacca. Once Samudaya Sacca is established, escape from Dukkha Sacca (Truth of Suffering) becomes impossible. Past ignorance led to Samudaya Sacca. Even virtuous deeds aspiring for rebirth in higher realms (kusalakamma) are Samudaya Sacca. Can one who creates Samudaya Sacca ever escape Dukkha Sacca? The circle shows that Samudaya Sacca inevitably yields Dukkha Sacca—never Nibbāna. Thus, if these five causes in Section (1) are created, the arrow clearly points to Section (2). If five causes arise in Section (1), five effects must arise in Section (2): - Consciousness (viññāna) and rebirth-linking (paṭisandhi) - Mind-and-matter (nāmarūpa) - Six sense bases (saḷāyatana) - Contact (phassa) - Feeling (vedanā) These five are Dukkha Sacca. Viññāna, nāmarūpa, saḷāyatana, phassa, and vedanā together form the Five Aggregates (khandhas)—the embodiment of Dukkha Sacca. The past karmic deeds (kusalakamma) performed while aspiring for human happiness now yield the bitter fruit of Dukkha Sacca: - Rebirth-linking consciousness (paṭisandhi-viññāna) → Suffering - Mind-and-matter (nāmarūpa) → Suffering - Six sense bases (saḷāyatana) → Suffering - Contact (phassa) → Suffering - Feeling (vedanā) → Suffering Thus, the Five Aggregates are Dukkha Sacca. This suffering arises in the present life due to past erroneous causes. Past Samudaya Sacca creates present Dukkha Sacca. Human existence is Dukkha Sacca itself—aging brings more pain, decay, and the fires of defilement (kilesa). So who created these Five Aggregates of suffering? - Not an eternal creator. - Not Brahmā. - Not spontaneous existence. They arise solely due to past avijjā (ignorance), saṅkhāra (volitions), taṇhā (craving), upādāna (clinging), and kamma (action). Dhamma itself establishes this. Understanding this dispels doubt: - "Where did I come from?" → Doubt (vicikicchā) vanishes. You realize: "No one created me; avijjā-saṅkhāra caused this." - "This is merely a dhammic process, not a self." → Wrong view (diṭṭhi) collapses. The five past causes produced the five present effects: the Five Aggregates of Dukkha Sacca. Temporally, this is the present result. As an effect, it is termed Vipāka-vatta (Resultant Bond). Thus, these are called the "Five Present Results." Venerable Dr. Ashin Pāramī