Nouns
Verbs
Verbs Part II
Verbs Part III
Verbs Part IV
3. Modals + have
4. Can could and could have
5. May, might, may have and might have
6. Can or could
7. Will or would
8. Will have or would have
9. Verbs (20) - Double Object Verbs
10. Verbs (21) - Phrasal Verbs
11. Verbs (22) - Reflexive and Ergative Verbs
12. Verbs (23) - Verbs followed by to + infinitive
13. Verbs (24) - Verbs followed by -ing clauses
14. Verbs (25) - Verbs followed by that clause
15. Clause Phrase and Sentence
2. Verb Patterns
2. Verb Patterns (II)
(8) Reporting Verbs with that, wh- and if clauses
Two part and three part verbs
(11) Clauses: Short Forms
(11) Clauses: Short Forms (B)
(12) Relative Clauses
(12) Relative Clauses (B)
(13) Reporting: Reports and Summaries
(13) Reporting: Reports and Summaries (B)
(14) Verbs - Questions and Negatives
(15) Wh- Clauses
3. Noun Phrases
4. Prepositional Phrases
5. Sentence Structure
Passive
Verbs
Verbs Part II
Verbs Part III
Verbs Part IV
3. Modals + have
4. Can could and could have
5. May, might, may have and might have
6. Can or could
7. Will or would
8. Will have or would have
9. Verbs (20) - Double Object Verbs
10. Verbs (21) - Phrasal Verbs
11. Verbs (22) - Reflexive and Ergative Verbs
12. Verbs (23) - Verbs followed by to + infinitive
13. Verbs (24) - Verbs followed by -ing clauses
14. Verbs (25) - Verbs followed by that clause
15. Clause Phrase and Sentence
2. Verb Patterns
2. Verb Patterns (II)
(8) Reporting Verbs with that, wh- and if clauses
Two part and three part verbs
(11) Clauses: Short Forms
(11) Clauses: Short Forms (B)
(12) Relative Clauses
(12) Relative Clauses (B)
(13) Reporting: Reports and Summaries
(13) Reporting: Reports and Summaries (B)
(14) Verbs - Questions and Negatives
(15) Wh- Clauses
3. Noun Phrases
4. Prepositional Phrases
5. Sentence Structure
Passive
ဒီေန႔ေတာ္ passive အေၾကာင္းေဆြးေႏြးၾကမယ္။
“be + past participle” ဟာ passive ပါပဲ။ “be” ဆိုတာလဲ “be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being” တို႔ကိုေျပာတာပါ။
Passive ကို
၁။ ျပဳလုပ္သူကို မသိတဲ့အခါ၊ စိတ္မ၀င္စားတဲ့အခါမ်ိဳးမွာ သံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။
My car was stolen yesterday. (ဘယ္သူခုိးသြားတယ္ဆိုတာမသိလို႔ passive နဲ႔ေရးတာ)
A lot of wine is produced in France. (ဘယ္သူက ထုတ္တယ္ဆိုတာ အေရးမႀကီးလုိ႔)
၂။ အဓိကထားေျပာခ်င္တာကုိ ဦးစားေပးေရးတဲ့အခါမ်ိဳးမွာ ျပဳလုပ္သူကို အဓိကမထားတဲ့အခါမွာ ေရးေလ့ရွိတယ္။
Television was invented in the 1920s by John Logie Baird. (television ကုိ ဦးစားေပးေျပာခ်င္တာ၊ တည္ထြင္သူကို ဦးစားေပးေျပာခ်င္တာမဟုတ္လုိ႔ passive ကုိသံုးထားတာ)
Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. (English မွာ အေရးအႀကီးဆံုးအရာကို ၀ါက်ရဲ႕ ေရွ႕ဆံုးမွာ ထားသံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္)
၃။ အေျပာထက္ အေရးပုိင္းမွာ passive ကုိ ပုိသံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။
War and peace was written by Tolstoy.
သိပၸံစမ္းသပ္မႈ၊ ေတြ႔ရွိခ်က္၊ text box ေတြမွာ passive အသံုးျပဳေလ့ရွိတယ္။
The mixture is heated to 500. C.
Passive ကုိ tenses ပံုစံအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးနဲ႔ သံုးႏုိင္ပါတယ္။
What is Tiramisu made from? (Present simple)
The hall is being painted this week so our class will be in a different room. (Present continuous)
Oranges have been grown here for centuries. (Present Perfect)
When he got home he found that his flat had been burgled. (Past perfect)
The work won’t be finished until next week. (Future simple)
Model verb ေတြနဲ႔သံုးရင္ေတာ့ be past participle ျဖစ္သြားမွာေပါ့။
Answers must be written in pencil.
Competition entrants might be chosen to appear on TV.
Past habit အေၾကာင္း ေရးပံုေလးေတြ ေျပာမယ္။
အရင္ကေတာ့ ျဖစ္ခဲ့တယ္။ အခုမျဖစ္ေတာ့တဲ့အေျခအေနေတြမွာ နည္းအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးနဲ႔ေျပာႏုိင္တယ္။
Used to- အတိတ္အေျခအေန (past habit) ေလးေတြေျပာတဲ့အခါ သံုးတယ္။
We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
There didn't use to be a petrol station there. When was it build?
(repeated past action) အတိတ္က ထပ္ခါတလဲလဲ လုပ္ခဲ့တာေလးေတြကိုလဲ used to နဲ႔ သံုးႏုိင္တယ္။
I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.
I used to smoke but I gave up a few years ago.
ဒါေပမယ့္ အခုထိ ဆက္ျဖစ္ေနေသးတယ္ဆုိရင္ used to ကုိ မသံုးနဲ႔။
Would (repeated past action) ေတြမွာ သံုးႏုိင္တယ္။
Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.
My teachers would always say, "Sit down and shut up!"
ဒါေၾကာင့္ used to/ would ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးလံုး သံုးလုိ႔ရတယ္လို႔ မွတ္။
Every Saturday I would go on a long bike ride.
Every Saturday I used to go on a long bike ride.
ဒါေပမယ့္ (past state) ေတြမွာေတာ့ used to သာလွ်င္ သံုးႏုိင္တယ္။
We used to live in New York when I was a kid.
Past simple
(repeated past action) ေတြအေၾကာင္းေျပာတဲ့အခါမွာ used to/ would/ past simple အကုန္သံုးလို႔ရတယ္။
We went/ used to go/ would go to the same beach every summer.
(past state) ေတြမွာလဲ used to/ past simple သံုးလို႔ရတယ္။
I had/ used to have a dog called Charlie.
ဒါေပမယ့္ တစ္ႀကိမ္တစ္ခါသာ ျဖစ္ခဲ့တဲ့ (past state) မွာေတာ့ (past simple) ကုိသာသံုးရတယ္ေနာ္။ (used to/ would) သြားမသံုးေလနဲ႔။
I went to Egypt in 1988.
Participle Clauses
ဒီေန႔ေတာ့ Participle Clause ေတြအေၾကာင္း တေစ့တေစာင္းေပါ့။
Participle clause ေတြဟာ relative clause ေတြနဲ႔ အနည္းငယ္တူပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ထပ္ ျဖည့္စြက္ခ်က္ေတြကို ေပးပါတယ္။
People wearing carvinal costumes filled the streets of Thunanda.
The paintings stolen from the National Gallery last week have been found.
'wearing', 'stolen' ပါတဲ့ participle clauses ေတြဟာ relative clause ေတြရဲ႕ သေဘာအတုိင္း ေဆာင္ရြက္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္းလဲ ေရးႏုိင္တာေပါ့။
People who were wearing carnival costumes filled the streets of Thunanda.
The paintings which were stolen from the National Gallery last week have been found.
Past Participles
A pair of shoes worn by Marilyn Monroe have been sold for fifty thousand dollars.
Trees blown down in last night's storms are being removed this morning.
Present Participles
A woman carrying a bright green parrot walked into the room.
A man holding a gun shouted at us to lie down.
-ing နဲ႔ ေရးတဲ့ present participle ဟာ continuous meaning ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ relative clause နဲ႔ အစားထုိးမယ္ဆုိရင္ A man who was holding a gun shouted at us to lie down. လို႔ေရးရမယ္။
Continuous meaning မဟုတ္ရင္ present participle နဲ႔ေရးလုိ႔မရပါဘူး။
The man who lives next door is on holiday.
Countable and uncountable nouns
ဒီေန႔ countable noun နဲ႔ uncountable noun တို႔အေၾကာင္း ေဆြးေႏြးခ်က္ေလးေတြတင္ျပမယ္။
အခ်ိဳ႕စကားလံုးေတြဟာ အသံုးျပဳမႈအေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး countable noun အျဖစ္နဲ႔ေရာ uncountable noun အျဖစ္နဲ႔ေရာ သံုးလုိ႔ရတယ္။
Would you like a chocolate?
Would you like some chocolate?
Chocolate box ထဲက ဆုိရင္ တစ္ခု လုိ႔ countable noun အေနနဲ႔ေျပာႏုိင္ၿပီး Chocolate bar ထဲကဆိုရင္ အခ်ိဳ႕လုိ႔ uncountable noun နဲ႔ေျပာေပါ့။
In a box of chocolate, the chocolates are countable and you can take one.
When you have a bar of chocolate, the chocolate is uncountable and you can take some.
အလားတူ
Can I have a glass of water, please?
There's some broken glass on the pavement.
အစားအေသာက္ေတြမွာလဲ countable noun နဲ႔ uncountable noun သင့္သလုိသံုးေလ့ရွိတယ္။ 'an ice cream' and 'some ice cream', 'a coffee and some coffee'. ဒီစကားလံုးေလးေတြရဲ႕ ထူးျခားမႈေလးေတြကိုၾကည့္ပါ။
Few/a few and some/little
Few/ a few ကုိ countable နဲ႔တြဲၿပီး some/ little ကုိ uncountable နဲ႔တြဲသံုးေလ့ရွိိတယ္။
A few friends are coming round for dinner tonight.
We've got a little time - hurry up or we'll miss the train.
'few' နဲ႔ 'little' တုိ႔ဟာ မရွိသေလာက္ျဖစ္တယ္ဆုိတဲ့သေဘာေျပာတာ။ Negative သေဘာေဆာင္တယ္။
'information, news, luggage, advice, furniture, weather, travel' တို႔ဟာ အဂၤလိပ္မွာေတာ့ 'uncountable nouns' ေတြပါ။
I'd like some information about the train times please.
Have you had any news from Pete?
I haven't brought much luggage with me.
Can you give me some advice, please?
In spite of, despite, although
ဒီေန႔ေတာ့ in spite of, despite, နဲ႔ although တုိ႔အေၾကာင္းသိစရာေလးေတြေပါ့။
In spite of, despite, although တုိ႔ဟာ အားလံုး ဆန္႔က်င္ဘက္ အဓိပၸါယ္ကုိေဖာ္ျပၾကတာခ်ည္းပါပဲ။ ဒါေပမယ့္ sentence တည္ေဆာက္ရာမွာေတာ့ မတူၾကဘူး။
In spite of/ despite အသံုးျပဳပံု
In spite of/ despite တို႔ရဲ႕ေနာက္မွာ noun သုိ႔မဟုတ္ pronoun တစ္ခုခုလုိက္ေပးရတယ္။
We enjoyed our camping holiday in spite of the rain.
Despite the pain in his leg he completed the marathon.
Despite having all the necessary qualifications, they didn't offer me the job.
မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ -ing ဆံုးတဲ့ gerund ကို verb ရဲ႕ noun ပံုစံလို႔ သတိထားခဲ့ပါ။
Despite ေနာက္က of မလုိက္ရတာကုိလည္း သတိထားပါ။
Although အသံုးျပဳပံု
Although ေနာက္က subject နဲ႔ verb အစံုလုိက္ေပးရတယ္။ Sentence လုိက္ရမယ္လုိ႔ေျပာတာပါ။
We enjoyed our camping holiday although it rained every day.
Although he worked very hard, he didn't manage to pass the exam. (စာေမးပြဲကို ေအာင္ေအာင္ မေျဖႏုိင္ဘူး)
The holiday was great although the hotel wasn't very nice.
The fact that ဆုိတာေလး ထည့္လုိက္မယ္ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ in spite of နဲ႔ despite တို႔ရဲ႕ေနာက္မွာ subject နဲ႔ verb လုိက္ေပးရျပန္တယ္ေနာ္။
In spite of the fact that he worked very hard, he didn't manage to pass the exam.
Despite the fact that he worked very hard, he didn't manage to pass the exam.
Even though အသံုးျပဳပံု
Even though ဟာ although ထက္ ပိုၿပီး ျပင္းထန္တဲ့သေဘာရွိတယ္။ (a slightly stronger form)
We decided to buy the house even though we didn't really have enough money.
You keep making that stupid noise even though I've asked you to stop three times.
မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ although လုိပဲ၊ even though ေနာက္က subject နဲ႔ verb လိုက္ေပးရတယ္။
Gradable and non-gradable adjectives
ဒီေန႔ေတာ့ gradable adjectives နဲ႔ non-gradable adjectives တို႔အေၾကာင္း တေစ့တေစာင္း ေျပာျပမယ္။
Gradable adj ဆိုတာ cold, hot, frightened ဆိုတာမ်ိဳးေတြေပါ့။ Gradable adj ေတြမွာ degree အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးရွိႏုိင္တယ္။ very cold or a bit cold. ဆိုတာမ်ိဳး သံုးလို႔ရတာေပါ့။
Non-gradable adj ဆိုတာ married, wooden ဆိုတာမ်ိဳးေတြေပါ့။ သူတို႔မွာေတာ့ degree မရွိဘူး။ very married, a bit married လို႔သံုးလို႔မရဘူး။
terrifying, freezing, amazing တုိ႔ဟာလည္း non-gradable adj ေတြပါပဲ။ သူတို႔ထဲမွာကုိက very ဆုိတဲ့ အဓိပၸါယ္ ပါၿပီးျဖစ္ေနတယ္။ freezing ဆုိတာ very cold ဆိုတဲ့အဓိပၸါယ္ပဲ စသည္ျဖင့္ နားလည္ထားရမယ္။
Degree ျဖင့္ အသံုးျပဳပံု
Adj ေတြကုိ adv ေတြနဲ႔အထူးျပဳလို႔ရပါတယ္။ gradable adj ေရာ non-gradable adj ေရာေပါ့။
Gradable adj နဲ႔ အသံုးျပဳပံု
It's a bit cold in here. Shall I turn the fire on?
He's very interested in History. Why don't you buy him a history book?
This exercise is really difficult. I don't know any of the answers.
I'm extremely tired. I'm going to bed.
မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ a bit, very, really, extremely, quite ဆိုတဲ့ adv ေတြကို gradable adjectives ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲသံုးရတယ္။
Non-gradable adj နဲ႔ အသံုးျပဳပံု
It's absolutely freezing in here. Shall I turn the fire on?
He's completely fascinated by history. Why don't you buy him a history book?
This exercise is absolutely impossible.
That film is really terrifying. Don't go and see it on your own.
မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ absolutely, completely ဆိုတဲ့ adv ေတြကုိ non-gradable adj ေတြနဲ႔ တြဲသံုးရတယ္။ really ကုိေတာ့ gradable နဲ႔ေရာ non-gradable နဲ႔ေရာ တြဲသံုးလို႔ရတယ္။
-ed, -ing ဆံုးေသာ adjectives မ်ား
ဒီေန႔ေတာ့ bored, interested စတဲ့ -ed, ဆံုးႏွင့္ boring, interesting စတဲ့ -ing ဆံုးေသာ adjectives မ်ား အေၾကာင္း ေဆြးေႏြးတင္ျပမယ္။
Ed ဆံုး Adj မ်ားဟာ တစ္ခုခုနဲ႔ပတ္သက္လုိ႔ စိတ္ခံစားမႈ (emotion) ေတြကိုေဖာ္ျပတယ္။
I was very bored in the maths lesson. I almost fell asleep.
He was surprised to see Helen. She'd told him she was going to Australia.
Feeling tired and depressed, he went to bed.
Ing ဆံုး Adj မ်ားဟာ စိတ္ခံစားမႈကို ျဖစ္ေစေသာ အရာကို ေဖာ္ျပတယ္။ (A boring lesson makes you feel bored.)
Have you seen that film? It's absolutely terrifying.
I could listen to him for hours. He's one of the most interesting people I've ever met.
I can't eat this! It's disgusting! What is it?
Remember that people can be boring but only if they make other people feel bored.
He talks about the weather for hours. He's so boring.
Not- I was very boring at the party so I went home.
Ed, ing ဆံုးေသာ အျခား Adj မ်ား
amused, amusing
annoyed, annoying
confused, confusing
disappointed, disappointing
excited, exciting
exhausted, exhausting
frightened, frightening
satisfied, satisfying
shocked, shocking စသည္ စသည္။
Adj+ Preposition
ဒီေန႔ေတာ့ adj+proposition တြဲတာေလးေတြ သတိထားမိေအာင္ ေရးလုိက္တယ္။
အခ်ိဳ႔ adj ေတြဟာ proposition နဲ႔တြဲသံုးရတယ္။ ပံုေသနည္းေတာ့သတ္မွတ္လို႔မရဘူး။ ေတြ႔တဲ့အခါမွတ္ထားလုိက္။ ဒီမွာေတာ့ နမူနာအေနနဲ႔ျပလုိက္မယ္။ အားလံုးကုိေတာ့ ၿခံဳမိမွာမဟုတ္ဘူးေပါ့။
at
I'm quite good at English but I'm bad at Maths and I'm terrible at Physics.
for
Jogging is good for your health but smoking is bad for you.
The town is famous for its cheese.
good for, bad for, famous for, အျပင္ qualified for, ready for, responsible for, suitable for, စသည္ျဖင့္ အမ်ားအျပားရွိေသးတယ္ေနာ္။
of
I'm perfectly capable of doing it myself, thank you.
I'm very fond of this old sweatshirt.
capable of, fond of အျပင္ aware of, full of, tired of, စသည္ျဖင့္ အမ်ားအျပားရွိေသးတယ္ေနာ္။
with
We're very pleased with your progress.
You're not still angry with me are you?
pleased with, angry with, အျပင္ bored with, delighted with, satisfied with, စသည္ျဖင့္
to
She's the one who's married to a doctor, isn't she?
You'll be responsible to the head of the Finance Department.
မွတ္ခ်က္။ ။ You can be (responsible) for something but responsible to (someone).
ဒါ့အျပင္ interested in, keen on စသည္ အမ်ားအျပားရွိေသးတယ္။ အေကာင္းဆံုးကေတာ့ ေတြ႔တဲ့ (adj+preposition) ေတြကုိ မွတ္စုစာအုပ္မွာ မွတ္လုိက္။ ဒါမွမဟုတ္ ဦးေႏွာက္ထဲထည့္ထားလိုက္။
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Without insight meditation, it is incomplete to be a Buddhist.